Ls

NAME

      ls - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS

      ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION

      List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).  Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.

      Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

      -a, --all
             do not ignore entries starting with .

      -A, --almost-all
             do not list implied . and ..

      --author
             with -l, print the author of each file

      -b, --escape
             print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters

      --block-size=SIZE
             with -l, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them; e.g., '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below

      -B, --ignore-backups
             do not list implied entries ending with ~

      -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information); with -l: show ctime and sort by name; otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first

      -C     list entries by columns

--color[=WHEN]
             colorize the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'; more info below

      -d, --directory
             list directories themselves, not their contents

      -D, --dired
             generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

      -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color

      -F, --classify
             append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries

      --file-type
             likewise, except do not append '*'

      --format=WORD
             across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C

      --full-time
             like -l --time-style=full-iso

      -g     like -l, but do not list owner

      --group-directories-first
             group directories before files;

             can be augmented with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping

      -G, --no-group
             in a long listing, don't print group names

      -h, --human-readable

 --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

      -H, --dereference-command-line
             follow symbolic links listed on the command line

      --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
             follow each command line symbolic link

             that points to a directory

      --hide=PATTERN
             do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A)

      --hyperlink[=WHEN]
             hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'

      --indicator-style=WORD
             append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)

      -i, --inode
             print the index number of each file

      -I, --ignore=PATTERN
             do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

      -k, --kibibytes
             default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage; used only with -s and per directory totals

      -l     use a long listing format

      -L, --dereference
             when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself

      -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries

 -n, --numeric-uid-gid
             like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs

      -N, --literal
             print entry names without quoting

      -o     like -l, but do not list group information

      -p, --indicator-style=slash
             append / indicator to directories

      -q, --hide-control-chars
             print ? instead of nongraphic characters

      --show-control-chars
             show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)

      -Q, --quote-name
             enclose entry names in double quotes

      --quoting-style=WORD
             use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c, escape (overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)

      -r, --reverse
             reverse order while sorting

      -R, --recursive
             list subdirectories recursively

      -s, --size
             print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

      -S     sort by file size, largest first

      --sort=WORD

--time=WORD

             change the default of using modification times; access time (-u): atime, access, use; change time (-c): ctime, status; birth time: birth, creation;

             with -l, WORD determines which time to show; with --sort=time, sort by WORD (newest first)

      --time-style=TIME_STYLE
             time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below

      -t     sort by time, newest first; see --time

      -T, --tabsize=COLS
             assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

      -u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access time; with -l: show access time and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access time, newest first

      -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order

      -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text

      -w, --width=COLS
             set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit

      -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns

      -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension

      -Z, --context
             print any security context of each file

      -1     list one file per line.  Avoid '\n' with -q or -b

      --help display this help and exit

      --version
             output version information and exit

The  SIZE  argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024).  Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).  Binary prefixes can be used,too: KiB=K, MiB=M, and so on.

      The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT.  FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1).  If FORMAT is  FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2,  then  FORMAT1  applies  to nonrecent files and FORMAT2 to recent files.  TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-' takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.  Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default
      style to use.

      Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to  a  terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.

  Exit status:
      0      if OK,
      1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
      2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).

AUTHOR

      Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.

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